navigation map to SSL home page





Since 03/23/2004

| Table of Contents | Abstracts | Credit and Disclaimer |

ISSUE 21: BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY NEWS
(Mid-December 2003 – Early February 2004)


A selection of news appears in this section.

     A.     Developer News

     B.     New Products

     C.     Novel or Interesting LED Applications/Uses

     D.     Market Information

     E.     Overview Articles

     F.     Selected Events of Interest

     G.     Government Funding News and Opportunities


Where possible, links to full-text articles and press releases have been included in the abstracts.  Click on the links in the table below to go directly to the abstract.


Table of Contents:  Business and Technology News

   A. Developer News

·   Amtech Lighting Services has a contract with HEB Grocery for installation of LEDs and time control systems in approximately 300 stores and industrial sites in Texas.

·   AXT has applied for a new high luminous flux LED patent (WO 03/100874) claiming enhanced current spreading with a novel electrode design.

·   Carmanah announced that a new market has opened up for LEDs because the U.S. Coast Guard has enacted a regulation allowing private aids-to-navigation (PATONs) to use LEDs.

·   Cree announced record Q2 revenues of $72.7 million, up from last year's Q2 revenues of $56.7 million.

·   DOE's "Ultimate Family Home" was featured at the International Builder's Show in Las Vegas – it is designed to produce as much energy as it uses and includes many energy saving features, such as LED lighting.

·   DOE/NETL has posted online the November 2003 SSL workshop meeting materials and presentations and a document describing the portfolio of SSL-related projects.

·   Epitech has ordered another Aixtron MOCVD Reactor.

·   A European Photonics Industry Consortium has been formed by five European companies to build a photonics technology roadmap.

·   Formosa Plastics Group opened a new $5.8 million company to diversify into blue LEDs.

·   Global Communication Semiconductors and Global Communication Technology have merged to form the III-V industry's largest foundry service provider.

·   A new Japanese Industry Consortium, up to 50% funded by the Japanese government, has been formed with the aim of creating general-use white LEDs in 3 years.

·   Japanese LED manufacturers are increasing their LED output capacity.

·   Leading Japanese LED firms are working to create common standards for LED-based lighting equipment.

·   Kolorfusion and PermLight Products announce a joint development agreement to develop products for the LED signage market.

·   Kopin's two high-volume III-V production facilities have received ISO 9001: 2000 certification.

·   The Lighting Research Center's ASSIST program's activities to advance and promote LED technology are profiled.

·   New Millennium Media's OnScreentm architecture for LED displays was introduced at the "Strategies in Light" conference.

·   Nichia expects record sales of $2.1 billion in 2004, 18% higher than the expected 2003 sales of $1.7 billion for 2003; 80% of 2003 revenues are estimated to come from LEDs.

·   Nichia was ordered by the Japanese court to pay Shuji Nakamura $189 million.  Nichia has filed an appeal.

·   Nitto Denko has announced the development of a new thermosetting polymer with the world's highest refractive index at 1.76.

·   OptiLED's new LED linear light wins an award at the Entertainment Technology Show.

·   OptiLED experiences triple-digit revenue growth in its first year.

·   Osram has signed a white LED patent cross-licensing agreement with Lite-On Technology (Taiwan).

·   Osram grants Samsung a royalty-bearing license to manufacture and sell white LEDs with Osram's conversion technology.

·   Osram announces that its next-generation Golden DRAGON, Advanced Power TOPLED, and Power TOPLED have demonstrated engineering efficiency of 96 lm/W at 20mA in 617nm color.

·   Rohm says its zinc oxide white LEDs (R&D) now equal Nichia's in brightness.

·   Samsung orders another GaN MOCVD reactor from Aixtron.

·   Sandia National Labs seeks to improve green LEDs.

·   Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories and the University of New Mexico reported a new approach for the preparation and modification of complex and oriented ZnO nanostructures.

< p class=normalbullets> ·   Sharp develops blue laser diodes using MBE.

·   Sumitomo Electric filed a patent application for white LEDs based on zinc selenide.

·   Supra Opto (joint venture of Sumitomo and Procomp Informatics) completes the development of ZnSe-based white LED and is planning expanded capacity.

·   Thomas Swan sells another MOCVD system in Taiwan.

·   Universal Communication System's subsidiary Millennium Electric signs agreement with Digital Light to develop new solar-powered super bright LED lighting products.



   B.  New Products:

·   Agilent introduces "industry's first" super bright white InGaN LEDs with electrostatic discharge protection.

·   BivarOpto introduces the "Infinite 1" LED lamp that features an all-in-one LED-based lighting alternative for incandescent spot and flood lamps.

·   BivarOpto announces new ultra-wide (180 degree) viewing angle Mako-Wide™ LED module for high intensity displays.

·   Cree introduced two new higher brightness versions of its Xthintm LED product family.

·   Nichia introduces a new 365nm, 100mW line called the "i-LED" with a peak wavelength that makes it "the most powerful in the market".

·   Omron announces a new bright white LED for interior lighting, planned for launch in March.

·   Showa Denko announced its new AlInGaP LEDs are three times brighter than existing devices.

·   Sipex introduces a new white LED driver.



  C.  Novel or Interesting LED Applications/Uses:

·   Aki Denki has invented a self-powered LED bike headlamp.

·   Lumileds introduces the first production vehicle with LED daytime running lights.

·   New Jersey State Police are replacing all-red revolving lights on trooper cars with red and blue Linear-LED light bars.

·   PG&E and SF Environment gave away free LED holiday lights in San Francisco.



  D.  Market Information:

·   Small Times reviewed market size projections from Strategies Unlimited and iSupply, as well as some of the research challenges and possibilities for white LEDs in lighting markets.

·   Strategies Unlimited reports on HB-LED production and activities in Taiwan, South Korea, and China in a new market report, "Asian Producers of High Brightness LEDs." 

·   Strategies Unlimited reports on the size of the current HB-LED market ($1.8 billion in 2002, and forecast at $2.5 billion in 2003) and forecasts that illumination portion of the market will grow from 5% (2002) to 12% in 2007 (reaching $520 million).

·   Taiwan LED Industry: Vice Premier of Taiwan, Lin Hsin-i, predicts Taiwan's LED industry to have a production value of $700 million for 2004.

·   Taiwan LED Makers: PIDA reports that Taiwanese LED makers produced about 4.3 billion super bright LEDs in 2003, valued at $830 million.



  E.  Overview Articles:

·   Solid-state lighting is the special focus of the December 2003 issue of Compound Semiconductor magazine; the issue included four articles of interest.

·   EDN featured the article, "LEDs glow in anticipation", which reviews LEDs in the lighting market (January 8, 2004).

·   EE Times carried the article, "Blue-spectrum device market is growing," which briefly discusses solid-state lighting and includes the latest count of MOCVD installations in Taiwan -- 240 (February 2, 2004).

·   Electronic Engineering Times Asia carried the article, "Light-emitting diode-based lighting positioned for profit" on February 2, 2004.

·   IEEE Spectrum has produced a series of articles in "IEEE Spectrum Predicts Winners, Losers and Holy Grails of Technology for 2004" – one of the winners is Sumitomo Electric for their mass production of thin, crystal-clear disks of pure gallium nitride, featured in "The Great Gallium Nitride Gamble."

·   The New York Times featured the article, "Let There Be L.E.D.'s" (January 8, 2004).

·   Opto & Laser Europe featured three revolutionary optical technologies that are likely to have a profound impact on society when they become commercially available, including white LEDs, in the article, "Photonics to revolutionize the world." (January 2004).



  F.  Selected Events of Interest:

·   Intertech announced that the "Phosphor Global Summit 2004" is to be held March 16-18, 2004 in Miami, Florida.

·   RPI's Lighting Research Center will be holding an internet teleconference seminar entitled, "LEDs -- The Solid-State Lighting Revolution," May 12, 2004 and will hold the next LED Lighting Institute April 21-23, 2004.



  G.  Government Funding News and Opportunities:

·   DARPA/ATO has issued BAA04-09, soliciting research on solid-state lighting devices and systems, among many other topics (executive summaries are due Oct 15, 2004). 

·   DOE issues competitive funding opportunity announcement for Solid-State Lighting Core Technologies.

·   Sensor Electronic Technology wins two SBIR contracts to develop nitride-based transistors and UV emitters on bulk AlN substrates.



A.   Developer News


·        Amtech Lighting Services, a subsidiary of ABM Industries Inc., has renewed a multi-year contract with HEB Grocery Co. of Texas.  Amtech has agreed to provide group lighting, maintenance, installation of LEDs and time control systems in approximately 300 stores and industrial sites in Texas.  HEB was awarded the City Public Service Energy Innovator Award in the industrial category for 2003 in San Antonio, Texas, due in part to three energy saving programs implemented by Amtech.  The programs include a lighting retrofit of the HEB stores, the use of LEDs in their outdoor signs, and a satellite lighting control system.  Amtech itself was named the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Green Lights Ally of the Year," for their achievements in energy conservation. [ Press release ]

·        AXT has applied for new LED patent ( WO 03/100874) entitled, "High power, high luminous flux light emitting diode and method of making the same."  (This application was featured in the "patent highlights" column of Optics.org.)  The patent concerns the fabrication of a pair of electrodes in a specific pattern – one in the shape of a "3" and one in the shape of a "C" that enhances current spreading along the legs of both electrodes.  This is essential to the high powered LED described in the application.  (Abstract:  "A high power, high luminous flux light emitting diode (LED) comprises a substrate, a light-emitting structure, a first electrode and a second electrode. The LED has a top surface layout design in which the first electrode has a number of legs extending in one direction, and the second electrode has a number of legs extending in the opposite direction. At least portions of the legs of the first electrode are interspersed with and spaced apart from portions of the legs of the second electrode. This provides a configuration that enhances current spreading along the length of the legs of both electrodes.") [ Article]

·        The U.S. Coast Guard enacted a regulation allowing private aids-to-navigation (PATONs) to use LEDs (versus incandescent light bulbs) on December 8, 2003.  Carmanah has been building solar-powered LED lights for the U.S. Coast Guard's federal aids-to-navigation since 1999.  They were not, however, able to supply lights for PATONs as they encompass all marine navigation aids owned and maintained by bodies other than the Coast Guard, including other branches of federal government, state and municipal governments, corporations, small businesses and individuals.  More than half of the aids-to-navigation registered in the U.S. fall into this "private" category.  The new regulation replaces the requirement to use tungsten-incandescent bulbs in PATONs with a performance-based standard, thus allowing the use of LEDs. [ Press release ]

·        Cree's stocks rose 22 percent January 15th, on better-than-expected fiscal second-quarter results.  Cree reported net income of $13 million, and revenue of $72.7 million, an increase over last year's second quarter revenues of $56.7 million.  Cree's second quarter net income saw 45% growth, due in part to strong demand from mobile phone makers.  HB-LEDs were 46% of Cree's overall LED revenue for the second quarter, up from 45% in the September quarter.  Several analysts also raised their investment ratings on Cree's stock, observing the company's strong backlog in orders, decreased competition and a series of new products.  CIBC analyst Dale Pfau noted that pricing pressure outside of Taiwan and China is down,and customers within Taiwan are reportedly choosing Cree over local competition. [ Press release, Article at Quicken.com, Article at Siliconvalley.com ]

·        The DOE's " Ultimate Family Home" was featured at the International Builder's Show in Las Vegas, January 19-22, 2004.  The Ultimate Family Home produces as much electricity as it uses over the course of a year.  Energy saving features of the 5,300 square foot home include two rooftop-mounted solar energy systems: one for power and another for hot water, an efficient air-conditioning system, tankless water heaters that only provide hot water on demand, fluorescent and LED lighting, and heat-reflecting roof tiles in combination with a radiant barrier.  The home uses 90 percent less energy than a similar home built to code.  The "Zero Energy Homes" initiative was created by the DOE to bring the latest research out of its national laboratories and into homes.  The DOE and NREL partnered with Pardee Homes and Consol Energy Consultants to build the home. [ Article in the EERE Newsletter ]

·        Meeting materials and presentations from the DOE's November 2003 SSL meeting are now available on its EERE/NETL website.  The site also includes information on the "SSL Project Portfolio," an overview of SSL research projects currently funded by the DOE.  Each project profile in the portfolio includes a brief technical description as well as information about the project partners, funding, and time frame.  [ Webpage listing available meeting documents]

·        Epitech has ordered another Aixtron MOCVD Reactor to be used in the mass production of red, orange and yellow AlGaInP UHB LED wafers.  The AIX 2600G3 has a capacity of up to 35x2" (alternatively 5x6") wafers.  According to Aixtron, the two-flow horizontal Planetary Reactor is acknowledged as the most widely used multi-wafer MOCVD reactor for compound semiconductor applications.  The unique reactor concept allows laminar gas flow without turbulence for precise control of the material composition and achievement of sharp interfaces.  High uniformity along with high growth efficiency on multiple 2", 3", 4" or 6" wafers is achieved through wafer rotation with the patented Gas Foil Rotation. [ Press release ]

·        The European Photonics Industry Consortium (EPIC) has been formed by five European companies: Aixtron AG, Cambridge Display Technology, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Philips Lighting BV, and Sagem SA.  EPIC's goal is to build sustainable growth for the European optoelectronics industries by bringing together manufacturers of fabrication equipment, components manufacturers and users of photonics components and systems.  The consortium, which is member owned and operated, is developing a "technology roadmap" for photonics technologies that are critical for the development of European industries.  This roadmap will be used as a guide for discussions with the European Commission to design research and development programs that respond to the needs of European companies.  T he president of EPIC, Dr. Bernd Schulte of Aixtron, states that EPIC is "seeking 75 to 100 members from companies and institutions that are highly committed to the success of photonics products that are conceived in Europe, and sold all over the world."  Membership in EPIC is open to companies, research institutions, universities, and financial institutions that have operations in the European economic area, including all member and non-member European states.  [ Article at Compoundsemiconductor.net, Article at CompoundSemi News]

·        Formosa Plastics Group (FPG) opened a new $5.8 million company to diversify into blue LEDs.  FPG reports the new company will initially produce about 4.5 million LED diodes per month for use in lighting equipment, mobile phones and personal computers.  The production will then shortly double to 9 million diodes per month.  The new company was created from a LED division founded in 1999 by FPG's electronics-material division, which then acquired leading-edge process technology for making LED dices from a lab of the government-backed Industrial Technology Research Institute.  They co-developed epitaxy-wafer technology with several foreign equipment suppliers, and then had begun constructing diode production lines in Sulin of Taipei County in preparation for setting up a formal company. [ Article in the Taiwan Economic News (URL not available) ]

·        Global Communication Semiconductors, Inc. (GCS) (US) and Global Communication Technology Corporation (GCTC) (Taiwan) are merging to form the III-V industry's largest foundry service provider.  The boards and shareholders of these two compound semiconductor foundry companies in Taiwan and the US have already approved the agreement.  The deal should be finalized in the first quarter of 2004.  The new company, Global Compound Semiconductors Corporation (GCSC) will combine a high-volume low-cost 6-inch manufacturing facility in Taiwan, while maintaining the Torrance facility which offers foundry services for InGaP HBT, InP HBT, SAW and PHEMT processes and provides optoelectronic foundry services for QWIP detectors, modulators and pin diodes used in the surveillance, security and fiber-optic communication markets. [ Article at Compoundsemiconductor.net]

·        Japanese White LED Industry Consortium: Asia Pulse reports that a Japanese industrial consortium, 50% funded by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and run by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), will create general-use white LEDs in 3 years.  Members of the consortium include Stanley Electric Co., Showa Denko KK , Omron Corp., Mitsubishi Cable Industries Ltd., Asahi Rubber Inc., Mitsubishi Electric Lighting Corp. and Kasei Optonix Ltd.  [ Article in the Asia Pulse  (No URL available) ]

·        Japanese LED manufacturers:  Stanley Electric Co., Citizen Electronics Co., Seiwa Electric Mfg Co., Okaya Electric Industries Co., and Toyoda Gosei Co. are increasing their LED output.  This increased output is necessary to meet an increase in LED usage in cell phones, traffic lighting and automobile lighting.  These company's investments in production range from I billion yen being spent by Stanley Electric Co. on processing plants in Japan and Thailand, to 100 million yen being spent by Okaya Electric Industries Co, seeking to double their monthly output capacity of LEDs for road signs to 6 million units.  Toyoda Gosei has decided to build a new factory in 2005, setting aside 10 million yen for this purpose. [ Article at Asia Times online ]

·        Leading Japanese LED manufacturers, including Nichia, Toyoda Gosei and Matsushita Electric Works, are working with the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) to set up common standards for LED-based lighting equipment.  By establishing standards, the manufacturers will be able to make their LED lamps interchangeable, like fluorescent lights and light bulbs.  By also setting a universal safety standard, LED-based lamps can be marketed as a safe, energy-efficient alternative to fluorescent lights.  The first step in the process will be to establish a standardization organization in the spring. The manufacturers will potentially invite over 100 other manufacturers of related products, such as Toshiba Corp and Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd, to join the standardization process.  Japanese LED makers hope to initiate a global standard. [ Article in the Nihon Keizai Shimbun; items, Article in CompoundSemi News ]

·        Kolorfusion and PermLight Products announced a joint development agreement.  Together, the companies are developing a series of new products this spring.  The first series of products will be Permlight's ButtonLight(TM) technology, which is a new series of luminaries for use in applications ranging from safety lighting, front lighting of signage, courtesy lighting in boats, and general illumination in RVs and motor homes.  Kolorfusion will be using its patented surface enhancement technology and its new glow in the dark technology (Curtisium tm ) in the LED signage market, targeted by PermLight.  Permlight's patented thermal management techniques require the fixture itself to become part of the heat-spreading element to increase the LED lifetime. [ Press release (Permlight)]

·        Kopin's two high volume III-V production facilities in Taunton, Massachusetts have been ISO 9001:2000 certified. ISO certified since August 21, 2001, Kopin received the upgraded certification this month.  The certification provides a system of practices and principles for an organization to consistently provide products that meet customer and applicable regulatory requirements with the ultimate goal of enhancing customer satisfaction.  The certified facilities are used to manufacture Kopin's III-V product lines and support high volume shipments to customers worldwide. [ Press release ]

·        The Lighting Research Center's ASSIST program (Alliance for Solid-State Illumination Systems and Technologies) has been active in a number of research projects and other activities to advance and promote LED technology.  These activities were summarized in the January 16, 2004 issue of LRC News, and include studies of color rendering and color tolerance, applications of LED lighting beneficial to older adults in assisted-living facilities, aircraft reading light specifications (with Boeing), and the "ASSIST Recommends" program to promote consistency and standards for the use of LED light sources and systems and foster discussions between traditional luminaire manufacturers and LED manufacturers.  [ Article in LRC News]

·        New Millennium Media introduced OnScreentm architecture for LED displays at the "Strategies in Light" conference on February 3, 2004 in a presentation entitled, "A New Paradigm for LED Video Display Technology."  OnScreentm, a new architecture for large-scale LED video displays, features improved heat transfer, reduced weight and support structure requirements, and reduced system cost.  [ Press release at Biz.yahoo.com ]

·        Nichia will record sales of 220 billion yen ($2.1 billion) in 2004, according to several reports citing an article in Nihon Keizai Shimbun newspaper.  This will reflect an 18% rise in sales when compared to the expected 180 billion yen ($1.7 billion) for 2003.  80% of the 2003 sales are anticipated to come from LEDs.  The Nihon Keizai Shimbun article also reports that Nichia's plans for the near future include shipping white LEDs with greatly improved brightness and investing 20-30 billion yen in its plant in Anan, Tokushima Prefecture for the expansion of the company's blue spectrum HB-LED facilities.  This will include hiring 150 new graduates (a 50% increase from its original plan) and 100 veterans to its employee roster.  [ Article at Optics.org, see also "Perspective" Article at CompoundSemi News]

·        The Tokyo District Court ordered Nichia Corp. to pay Shuji Nakamura ~ $189 million for developing the blue LED.  The payment is the most awarded to an individual in a patent case in Japan.  Nakamura's invention has earned the company millions of dollars a year, as blue LEDs are widely used in traffic signals, mobile phones, illumination and other products.  Nichia filed an appeal shortly after the verdict.  Nakamura, now a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, worked for Nichia for 20 years. He filed his lawsuit in 2001, seeking $189 million in compensation for the profits his invention brought the company.  The Japanese court found his contribution was worth about three times that.  His lawyers will now raise the amount sought in compensation.  Nichia has argued that the patent belonged to the company. [News widely covered, see for example Article in Asahi Shimbun, Article in The New York Times (requires subscription)]

·        Nitto Denko has announced the development of a new thermosetting polymer with the world's highest refractive index at 1.76.  This rise in refractive index reflects a 10-15% increase when compared to previous polymers.  Used in LEDs, the polymer will reportedly enhance luminous efficiency by about 30% as well as reducing power consumption.  The new polymer also possesses good thermal resistance and processing properties as a thermosetting material.  The addition of titania, zirconia, and other metal oxide nanoparticles with a high refractive index enables the creation of other new materials possessing higher refraction.  Nitto Denko has already developed a prototype material with a refractive index of 2.10.  Projected applications include element coating material for LEDs, antireflective films for display devices, and microlenses for CCDs. [ Article at Japancorp.net]

·        OptiLED's new LED linear light, the CHIP Linear Optical Array, received an honorable mention award for debuting product/promising prototype of the year for lighting and architectural industries at the "Entertainment Technology Show-LDI 2003".  It was selected from over 300 exhibitors that were displaying the newest innovations in lighting, sound design and production for the entertainment industry.  [ Business Wire release at looksmart.com ]

·        OptiLED has experienced triple-digit revenue growth in its first year, due to new customers, new distribution partnerships, a new product line, and international expansion.  OptiLED combines high precision optics with advanced LED electronics.  The company also offers the only LEDs on the market that fit into standard sockets and voltage systems worldwide.  In 2003, OptiLED's activities included gaining over 7000 new customers worldwide, new offices in Germany and Japan, the introduction of the new CHIP Linear Optical Array lamp, a 2003 Lighting Design International Show Award for the CHIP Linear Optical Array lamp, the New Product of 2003 Award for the CHIP series LED lamps given at the International Visual Merchandising Show, and LED installations in locations including CNN Studios, Atlanta, Cirque du Soleil, Montreal, Spy Museum, Washington D.C., Caesar's, Lake Tahoe, NV, Dollywood Amusement Park, and the Sheraton Hotel, Mexico City. [ Article at EE Times ]

·        Osram Opto Semiconductor has signed a white LED patent cross-licensing agreement with Lite-On Technology (Taiwan).  Osram is granting Lite-On a royalty-bearing license to manufacture and sell its patented surface-mount LEDs and white LEDs with conversion technology.  In return, Osram will be able to access Lite-On's patented LED manufacturing processes.  Lite-On is predicting its LED business wi ll grow by 30% in 2004 from NT$6 billion in 2003, with gross margins on white LED production at 35-40%.  Lite-On is expected to start volume shipments of white LEDs in March, with blue LEDs being purchased from two Taiwanese companies, Epistar and South Epitaxy.  Lite-On is a major shareholder of Epistar.  (Osram has signed previous patent contracts with Nichia, Rohm and Everlight.)  [ Article at Digitimes.com (requires subscription), Article at Laser Focus World ]

·        Osram GmbH Munich has granted Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co. Ltd a royalty-bearing license to manufacture and sell white LEDs with conversion technology, for which Osram holds patents.  The conversion technology enables white LEDs to be produced using blue emitting InGaN based chips and a suitable fluorescent converter. Typical applications include backlighting for mobile phones.  [ Article at EE Times - Asia (free registration required) ]

·        OSRAM Opto Semiconductors announced LED lighting solutions to be used in Ford Motor Company's 2004 and 2005 vehicles at the "Chicago Auto Show", February 4-15.  OSRAM Opto's "highly efficient", single-chip white technology in the TOPLED® and Golden DRAGONtm LED packages will be used in Ford's GT, Cobra and Mustang models.  The company reported that the next-generation Golden DRAGON, Advanced Power TOPLED, and Power TOPLED have demonstrated the record breaking efficiency of 96 lm/W at 20mA in 617nm color.  These new products also provide the industry's first instrument panel color choices (125 different backgrounds), and meet the Pb-free (lead-free) metallization required forenvironmentally friendly products by 2006. [ Article at Laser Focus World ]

·        Rohm claims that its zinc oxide white LEDs are now equal in brightness with those made by Nichia.  Rohm began using zinc oxide to avoid infringing on Nichia's patents. Difficulties arose with creating an appropriate semiconductor structure with zinc.  Rohm then experimented with using zinc oxide for the electrodes and found the brightness of the white LED doubled.  Rohm also sent a researcher to study under Shuji Nakamura at UC-Santa Barbara.  This unnamed researcher developed technology that boosts light efficiency by using extremely fine processing to put hexagons on the surface of the elements. [ Article in The Nikkei Weekly (Japan) (No URL available); see also article in The Inquirer]

·        Samsung Electro Mechanics (SEMCO) has ordered another GaN MOCVD mass production system from Aixtron.  This is SEMCO's third AIX 2600G3HT large-scale production system purchased from Aixtron. The new reactor will be used in SEMCO's MOCVD facility expansion, for the mass production of products such as consumer optoelectronics and GaN based LEDs. [ Article at Compoundsemiconductor.net ]

·        Electronics Weekly briefly covered Sandia's early-stage work on improving green LEDs.  Deep green LEDs emit light at around 550nm, the color used in UK traffic lights and automotive dashboard lamps.  Sandia researcher, Andy Allerman is quoted as describing the green LEDs to be difficult to make and not nearly as efficient as blue LEDs.  [ Article at Electronicsweekly.co.uk ]

·        Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories and the University of New Mexico reported a low-temperature,environmentally benign, solution-based approach for the preparation of complex and oriented ZnO nanostructures, and the systematic modification of their crystal morphology.  They prepared large arrays of oriented ZnO nanorods with controlled aspect ratios, complex film morphologies made of oriented nanocolumns and nanoplates, using controlled seeded growth and citrate anions that selectively adsorb on ZnO basal planes as the structure-directing agent.  The researchers demonstrated some of the advantages of ZnO structures for photocatalytic decompositions of volatile organic compounds.  The novel ZnO nanostructures are predicted to have great potential for sensing, catalysis, optical emission, piezoelectric transduction, and actuations.  The research was published as "Complex and oriented ZnO nanostructures", Matthew J. McDermott, Mark A. Rodriguez, Hiromi Konishi and Huifang Xu, at Nature.com (November 23, 2003). [ Article at Nature.com ]

·        Sharp Laboratories of Europe has fabricated the world's first blue-violet laser diodes using molecular beam epitaxy.  The patented MBE system has been specifically designed for growing GaN devices.  The ridge waveguide InGaN multiple quantum well lasers operate at room temperature with an output wavelength of 400 nm.  The diodes are grown on a sapphire substrate.  The MBE-grown devices require no post-growth thermal annealing. At the laser threshold current of 1.5 A, the operating voltage was 33 V.  The lasers operate in pulsed mode with a pulsewidth of 200 ns with a threshold current density of approximately 30kAcm-2.  Commercial applications require a continuous-wave device. SLE is currently unable to produce commercial-grade devices with this system.  This work was reported in a recent paper in IEE's Electronic Letters. [ Article at Compoundsemiconductor.net, Article in CompoundSemi News ]

·        Sumitomo Electric's patent application ( WO 04/004018 – "Semiconductor light-emitting device") for white LEDs based on zinc selenide (ZnSe) was featured in the "Patent Highlights" column at Optics.org.  The LED device is based on an n-type ZnSe substrate that contains self-active luminescence centers.  An active layer is fabricated on top of the substrate and an aluminum layer reflects light out of the device.  According to Sumitomo, the device's luminance is high and the color of the white light is easily adjusted. [ Article ]

·        Supra Opto Inc., a joint venture of Procomp Informatics (Taiwan) and Sumitomo, announced that it has completed the development of ZnSe-based white light LED lamps.  Supra Opto is planning to expand its capacity from 3.6 million units to 10 million ZnSe-based white light LED lamps in Q4 of 2004.  The lamps are made from ZnSe-based blue LEDs plus PL substrates and feature a driving voltage of <2.7V; a static resistance of <8kV; a life span of 7,000h, a brightness of 5cd to 7cd; and a light efficiency of 20W to 25W. [ Article at EE Times - Asia (free registration required) ]

·        Thomas Swan Scientific Equipment (TSSE) sold a 19 x 2-inch GaN CCS MOCVD system to Professor Wang's research group at the Far East College in Taiwan. Thomas Swan, the Far East College, and Sandong College (China) have also agreed to collaborate on the development and understanding of CCS MOCVD technology for the growth of GaN materials for mass production.  They will work on technological advances ranging from optimization in operation for the development of green, blue and UV GaN wafers to the growth of GaN on Si.  TSSE has seen sales increase of their large-scale GaN MOCVD production systems in Taiwan to businesses focused on the production of GaN wafers for green, blue and UV LEDs.  TSSE has also experienced a successful business relationship with Epitech Corp. (Taiwan), which has been instrumental to their customer base development in Taiwan. [ Article at Compoundsemiconductor.net ]

·        Universal Communication System's subsidiary Millennium Electric T.O.U. Ltd. (Israel) signed an agreement with Digital Light Inc. to develop new solar powered super bright LED lighting products.  The LEDs will be powered by photovoltaic solar panels supplied by Millennium Electric.  The joint development program will develop and provide a variety of advanced solar LED lighting products for signage, traffic signals, billboards, street lights etc., all based on LED technology.  The first two projects that the companies will work on together are:

Ø  Traffic signals and lights for the municipality of the city of Herzelia, Israel.

Ø  Lighting or signage for high rise buildings in Los Angeles. [ Article at Business wire.com]




B.   New Products


·        Agilent Technologies introduces "industry's first" super bright white InGaN LEDs with a protective zener diode for electrostatic discharge protection (ESD).  The HLMP-CWx8 and HLMP-CWx9 lamps are produced with a new InGaN flip-chip die technology for higher brightness.  They are the first white InGaN LED lamps to be specified with a Class-2 ESD damage threshold as specified by MIL-STD-1686A.  These new LEDs can withstand over 8,000 V. and are designed for a higher pulsed duty factor for increased brightness.  They have a rating of 30 percent duty factor at 100 mA, which is 3 times that of similar white LEDs offered by other manufacturers, according to Agilent.  According to the company, the LEDs are ideal for outdoor lighting applications such as pedestrian crossing signs, speed limit and exit signs, scoreboards, variable message signs, as well as backlighting for transparent sign panels.  [ Press release ]

·        BivarOpto introduces the "Infinite 1" LED lamp that features an all-in-one LED-based lighting alternative for incandescent spot and flood lamps.  The product design includes an Edison based housing assembly directly interchangeable with industry-standard PAR stylespots and floods.  Thirty-nine Super-Flux MAKO LEDs are arranged in a grid-array pattern to project an evenly distributed light pattern.  Reporting an 80% energy savings, the lamp also features a multi-optic lens that can be rotated 90°, enabling a single unit to provide both flood and spot output.  The "Infinite 1" lamp has an energy-consumption operation of <3W at 110Vac, with light output rated from 39cd (white) to 100cd (red/yellow/green/blue).  Applications include industrial, medical, security, photographic processing, retail and architectural lighting.  It is available in amber, red, yellow, green, blue and white, and RGB.  [ Article at EE Times - Asia (free registration required) ]

·        BivarOptotm announced a new ultra-wide (180 degree) viewing angle Mako-Widetm LED module for high intensity displays.  This latest addition to the Mako series is available in single-color or tri-color Red/Green/Blue, allowing the creation of variable-color message displays.  The MW Series feature new lens geometry that allows for a 180-viewing angle, a threefold increase over the 60-viewing angle of the industry standard LED configuration.  The LEDs are mountable across a wider area without any gaps and measure 0.30 in. (7.62 mm) sq with integral standoffs for easier through-hole mounting.  Each LED features a built-in heat sink and reflector-based lead frame, which can hold as many as three individually addressable die.  The blue and white LEDs have luminous output of 250 and 500 mcd, respectively at the 0.138-in. (3.5-mm)-height.  The red, yellow, and green devices feature 1100-mcd output for the same height.  ll modules have 20-mA current at a source voltage of 1.9 to 3.4V, depending on color.  They are packaged for high-density, grid-array installations and are intended for use in full-color outdoor applications such as moving messages, automotive, scoreboards, and traffic signage.  [ Press release, Article at EDN.com ]

·        Cree introduced two new higher brightness versions of its XThin product family. The new versions include the XT-15tm LED with brightness levels at 15 mW minimum, and the XT-18tm LED (18 mW minimum).  These products, available in 460 nm and 470 nm versions, have a lower forward voltage and thinner design compared to previous HB-LEDs offered by Cree.  Target applications include white LEDs for mobile appliances for use in their LCD backlights and digital camera flash where brightness, sub-miniaturization, and low power consumption are required. [ Press release ]

·        Nichia has introduced a new 365nm, 100mW line called the "i-LED".  According to Nichia, the i-LED has a peak wavelength that makes it the "most powerful in the market".  Mass production of the LED is planned for December 2004. [ Article in CompoundSemi News, Product description from Nichia ]

·        Omron has announced a bright white LED for interior lighting, with a planned launch date in March.  Claiming to be "the brightest in the industry", the LED will use Omron's double-reflection technology to prevent loss of light and boost the LED brightness.  The double-reflection technology involves placing a bowl-shaped mirror behind the light-emitting semiconductor material to reflect back light that would otherwise scatter inside the LED lamp.  Using this design 65% of all light generated by the LED is reportedly emitted out of the front of the lamp, at about twice that of existing white LEDs.  This increased brightness enables the same illumination to be produced on a smaller current.  Plans are to commercialize a device that can generate a brightness of 10 candelas on a current of 20/milliamperes.  Omron's product would cost around twice as much as other white LEDs currently on the market.  Omron is working on changing their manufacturing process in order to cut these costs by 20-30%. [ Article in New Materials Japan (no URL available) ]

·        Showa Denko has developed AlInGaP LEDs that it claims are three times brighter than existing devices (but the absolute brightness figures have not been reported).  The Showa Denko AlInGaP LEDs use a flip-chip structure and the company avoids the use of wire bonding by using gold bumps.  Commercial production of the devices is planned for 2005.  Show Denko has shifted their focus to electronics device production from materials, as part of their ‘Project Sprout'. [ Article at Wirelessweek.com ]

·        Sipex has developed the SP6691 boost converter for driving up to 8 serial white LEDs. It is the latest generation of Li-Ion battery powered portable devices.  It features 20uA quiescent current for extending battery life, a 30V switch voltage rating that is current regulated up to 450mA, a low standby current of 10nA, and a programmable output current. Consistent brightness from all of the LEDs is derived from the inherent current regulation to the load.  The SP6691 comes in a 5-pin SOT-23 package. Applications include battery powered devices such as cell phones, PDAs, digital cameras and MP3 players.  [ Press release ]


C.   Novel or Interesting LED Applications/Uses


·        Aki Denki, a small electronic device maker in western Tokyo, has invented a self-powered LED bike headlamp.  On sale in March, the headlamp uses three high-intensity white LEDs, combined with an optical lens, to increase its brightness.  The new light is powered by using magnets about 14 centimeters long that are attached to the wheel's spokes.  Every time the magnets pass the generator as the wheel turns, electromagnetic induction occurs.  The bicycle is reportedly easier to pedal as less power is needed to generate light using energy efficient LEDs.  Aki Denki, consisting of only eight employees, has applied for a patent on the invention.  The headlamp fits wheels 24 and 27 inches in diameter and is attached with a screwdriver and wrench.  [ Article in The Daily Yomiuri ]

·        Lumiled's Luxeon LEDs were used in the headlamps of the 12-cylinder Audi A8 6.0 at the 2004 Detroit Auto Show.  It is the first appearance of LEDs in automotive front lighting because, according to the company, until now they lacked sufficient light output for use on the front of a vehicle.  Each headlamp uses a module with five white Luxeon LEDs arranged in a five-point pattern to form a combination daytime running lamp and nighttime position lamp.  Due to the low voltage demands and energy efficiency of LED technology, this is the first car in which the use of daytime driving lights has almost no effect on fuel consumption.  The small size of the LEDs also allows for flexibility in design.  It is thought to be the first step toward an all LED headlamp. [ Press release ]

·        The New Jersey State Police are replacing the all-red revolving warning lights on all 900 trooper cars with red and blue Linear-LED light bars.  The LED linear light bars were selected as replacements because, according to the Police, they give people more time to react.  The lights are streamlined, easier to see from a distance, more visible in rain, fog, and snow, and visible from any angle.  115 trooper cars have been outfitted with the new light bars so far, which cost around $1,800 each.  The light bars feature 50 LEDs, attached to 8 clear panels that flash blue and red light when power is released.  The LED light bars also use less energy, 5 amperes compared to 50 amperes used by the old revolving strobe and halogen bulbs.  Whelen Engineering of Chester, CT supplied the light bars. [ Article in the Bergen Record ]

·        As part of the San Francisco Peak Energy Pilot Program (SFPEP), PG&E and SF Environment gave away 8,000 free energy efficient LED holiday lights in exchange for two working strings of old incandescent lights.  All San Francisco households were eligible for two LED strands.  LED lights were selected for The "Holiday Light Exchange" as they reduce energy consumption by up to 90 percent, do not emit heat - reducing the risk of fire, and can burn for more than 100,000 hours.  The ultimate goal of SFPEP is to reduce electric demand during the peak summer and winter seasons.  The "Holiday Light Exchange" is one of nine energy efficient program elements aimed at reducing usage in San Francisco by 16 megawatts by 2005.  This will facilitate the closure of the Hunters Point Power Plant.  [ Article at Sfgov.org ]


D.   Market Information


·        Small Times reviewed some of the research challenges and possibilities for white LEDs in the lighting markets in the article, "Quantum Control Holds the key to a shining LED lighting market," by Jack Mason (January 27, 2004). Market size projections for HB-LEDs were quoted from several sources: iSuppli projects the market for high-brightness LEDs will grow from $1.53 billion in 2003 to $2.85 billion in 2007 and according to Bob Steele, of Strategies Unlimited, the market for HB-LEDs grew 50% in 2002 and should match that in 2003.  The US Energy Dept. estimated in 2002 that electricity could be cut by 50% by 2025 using solid-state lighting.  The article also notes two ways the government is making SSL a national priority.  The Energy Dept. is supporting quantum dot research and how it might improve performance of solid-state lighting devices and the energy bill before Congress calls for $50 million a year over 10 years to advance SSL.  Highlighted are technological advances made by Sandia National Laboratories and Evident Technologies in the arena of quantum dot research. [ Article by Small Times ]

·        CompoundSemi News covered Bob Walker's talk at the "Strategies In Light" conference on the dramatic ramp-up of HB-LEDs in Taiwan, Korea, and China.  Production/ sales totals for 2003 of epi-based HB LED companies in Taiwan, Korea and China combined:  8. billion InGaAlP chips and 3.0 billion GaN chips.  Epiwafer output for these three countries, compared to 2002, shows a 25% increase in InGaAlP (80% of the world's output) and a 700% increase in GaN production (40% of the world's total output).  Walker also discussed various novel programs in the region, such as high-end InGaAlP chips, low-cost InGaAlP chips and high power GaN/white chips, as well as new approaches to wafer bonding and the use of alternative substrates, leveraging of their flip chip packaging knowledge, and the use of new contacts and phosphors.  His talk included details on Taiwan's active Solid State Lighting Initiative, the fact that China is planning a major initiative under their latest 5 Year Plan, and that Korea has identified SSL as a key industry.  Full details are available in a report that Walker co-authored for Strategies Unlimited, entitled " Asian Producers of High-Brightness LEDs (Taiwan, South Korea, China)". [ Article in CompoundSemi News ]

·        Strategies Unlimited (Robert Steele, writing for Compound Semiconductor magazine) reports that growth in the high-brightness LED market will be fueled increasingly by illumination applications over the next five years as the price/performance characteristics of devices improve.  The history of the HB-LED market shows a CAGR of more than 47% from 1995 through 2002.  It reached $1.8 billion in 2002, and is forecast to exceed $2.5 billion in 2003.  The use of HB-LEDs in illumination applications (solid-state lighting) accounted for just 5% of the market ($85 million) in 2002.  The overall market is forecast to grow at an average annual rate of 21% to reach $4.7 billion in 2007.  The market for HB-LEDs in illumination is forecast to grow at 44% per year, double the overall rate, to reach $520 million in 2007.  In that year, illumination applications are projected to account for 12% of the HB-LED market, compared with 5% now.  Beyond 2007, the market for HB-LEDs in illumination is expected to continue to grow, resulting in the capture of a significant fraction of the world lighting market after 2010. [ Article in Compound Semiconductor]

·        Taiwan LED Industry:  The Vice Premier of Taiwan, Lin Hsin-i, predicts that Taiwan's LED industry will have a production value of $700 million for 2004.  Taiwan will then rank second in the world for LED production, holding about 18% of the international market.  He also predicted that the output value of the Taiwanese LED industry will increase by 40 percent per year in the future.  [ Article from the Central News Agency - Taiwan (No URL available) ]

·        Taiwan LED Industry:  PIDA reports that Taiwanese LED makers produced about 4.3 billion super bright LEDs in 2003, valued at $830 million.  Overall market growth for LEDs in 2004 is projected at 20%, with a value exceeding $1 billion.  A number of Taiwanese manufacturers, including United Epitaxy Co., Epistar Corp., Formosa Epitaxy Inc., and Arima Optoelectronics Corp., have announced expansion plans to begin this year.  Monthly production capacity:  Epistar expects to reach 120 million units by the end of the second quarter, increasing to 200 million units per month by 2005; Formosa Epitaxy projects a monthly output of 60 million units next quarter and is aiming at 140 million units next year; Arima Optoelectronics is looking to increase its current capacity from 35 million units to 50 million by end of this quarter; United Epitaxy declares it will expand output to 70 million units this quarter. [ Article at EE Times - Asia (free registration required) ]


E.   Overview Articles


·        The special focus of Compound Semiconductor's December issue was solid-state lighting.  This issue included several articles of note. 

Ø  " Backlights, airports and vehicles boost LED market," by Tim Whitaker, covers the Intertech LEDs conference; and highlights information on developments at Osram and Cree. 

Ø  " HB-LEDs: the market drive towards solid state lighting," by Bob Steele of Strategies Unlimited, analyzes the SSL market.  He forecasts the HB-LED illumination market to grow at 44% per year, reaching $520 million by 2007. (See above for more detail.)

Ø  " Any color, as long as it is white," by Bill Kennedy of Toyoda Gosei, describes Toyoda Gosei's recent technological progress.

Ø  " Mirror adhesion technique boosts LED chip brightness," by Epistar's Donald Huo, M-H Hsieh, W-H Lin, T-F Tseng, J-S Wang and M-J Jou, discusses Epistar's new mirror adhesion technique for producing high brightness and high power AlGaInP LED chips.



·        EDN featured the article, "LEDs glow in anticipation" by Dan Strassberg in their January 8 issue, which reviews LEDs in the lighting market.  Highlighted are LED usage in indicator applications in electronics, traffic lights and automobile-brake lights. [ Article by EDN.com ]

·        EE Times reviewed the blue spectrum device market in the article, "Blue-spectrum device market is growing," which also discusses solid-state lighting (February 2, 2004).  This article by Tom Griffiths includes the latest figures for MOCVD installations in Taiwan (approximately 240), which keeps the country in the lead for the most platforms installed.  He cites Japan as leading in influence in the industry, with challengers growing in South Korea and China. [ Article in EE Times ]

·        Electronic Engineering Times Asia carried the article, "Light-emitting diode-based lighting positioned for profit", by Lee Goldberg of Green Electronics (February 2, 2004).  The article reviews LED's energy efficient features and impact on energy conservation.  Goldberg attended "Blue 2003," the LED conference sponsored by Compound Semiconductor News. [ Article at EE Times - Asia (free registration required) ]

·        IEEE Spectrum has produced the report, " IEEE Spectrum Predicts Winners, Losers and Holy Grails of Technology for 2004," in their special December issue highlighting the best and worst of global technology.  For the report, the magazine's editors considered six mainstay categories in technology: communications, electric power, semiconductors, transportation, computers and biotechnology.  T hey picked a winner, a loser and a Holy Grail in each category. The Holy Grail is defined as "a grand technological goal that has been sought for years, that would fundamentally alter a key industry, and that has so far eluded the best efforts of engineers and scientists."  Among the winners was Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd. for their mass production of thin, crystal-clear disks of pure gallium nitride, profiled in the article, " The Great Gallium Nitride Gamble," by Linda Geppert.

·        The New York Times featured the article, "Let There Be L.E.D.'s" (January 8, 2004), by Ian Austen, which reviews current LED technology and its future potential.  T he article also describes the "world's first residence entirely lighted by chips", an apartment's LED lighting system installation that cost $50,000 to create. [ Article in The New York Times (free registration required) ]

·        Opto & Laser Europe reviewed the progress and future possibilities for three revolutionary optical technologies that are likely to have a profound impact on society when they become commercially available -- electronic paper, artificial retinas, and white LEDs -- in the article, "Photonics to revolutionize the world." (January 2004).  Bob Steele of Strategies Unlimited is quoted extensively in the white LED coverage, which focuses on the goal of creating commercial white LEDs that are sufficiently bright and inexpensive to compete with filament light bulbs. [ Article at Optics.org ] < /span>


F   Selected Events of Interest


·        Intertech announced the "Phosphor Global Summit 2004" to be held March 16-18, 2004 in Miami, Florida, an event dedicated to the markets, technology and business opportunities for powder and thin film phosphors for display and lighting applications.  The conference focus will be on current trends and market opportunities impacting the phosphor industry, including supply, demand, pricing, new applications, processing, and new phosphor material development. [ Press release ]

·        Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Lighting Research Center (LRC) events:

Ø  LRC will be holding an internet teleconference seminar, "LEDs -- The Solid-State Lighting Revolution," on May 12, 2004 from 1:00 – 2:30 EST.  This seminar "will provide a clear picture of the current state of LED technology and its potential for development over the next five years. Presenters will also discuss new applications where LEDs are likely to make the biggest impact in the coming years and issues that will need to be considered when developing products or installations for each of these applications."  The presenter listed is N. Narendran, the director of research for the LRC.  [ Announcement ]

Ø  LRC's next LED Lighting Institute will be held on April 21-23, 2004.  In this three-day institute, LRC experts help participants learn more about the quickly evolving LED lighting  technology in a small-class setting. Enrollment will be limited to 30 students. [ Announcement ]




G.   Government Funding News and Opportunities


·        Under BAA04-09, DARPA's Advanced Technology Office (ATO) is soliciting proposals for the performance of research, development, design, and testing that directly supports the ATO.  Among the technical topic areas of interest are solid-state lighting devices and systems.  Additional information about this solicitation can be found online.  (Executive summaries are due by October 15, 2004; Proposal abstracts are due by October 29, 2004; and proposals are due by November 26, 2004) [ Grants notice at Fedgrants.gov ]

·        [ *** NOTE:  Since this item was written, the competitive funding opportunity has been announced  – see http://www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/funding_opp.html for details.  Applications are due by April 15, 2004 ]  DOE has announced more detail on funding opportunities for solid-state lighting core technologies via an announcement on the NETL website.  [NETL announcementThe funding opportunity announcement will be available on the "Industry Interactive Procurement System" (IIPS) webpage located at http://e-center.doe.gov  on or about February 27, 2004 .  The Core Technology program will focus on breakthrough technologies that are typically longer-term in nature.  These technology breakthrough projects will enable the product development organizations to continue their development process in parallel in order to advance the SSL technology and meet the goals of the program. This research will support multiple enabling or fundamental solid state lighting technology areas for general illumination applications.  Applications should support the established mission of the 2003 Solid State Lighting Workshop ( http://www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/).  It is anticipated that $6 million will be available for awards under this program, available over multiple fiscal years, with 3 to 6 awards expected to be made in the 4th Q of federal FY04.

·        Sensor Electronic Technology, Inc. (SET) has been awarded two Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II contracts to develop technology for high-power microwave transistors and deep ultraviolet light emitters using novel single crystal bulk AlN substrates.  The work on transistors is to be funded by the Missile Defense Agency.  DARPA is funding the development of ultraviolet emitters.  Both contracts are for two years and focus on improved performance of the devices fabricated on very-low defect density AlN substrates.  SET purchases their novel single crystal bulk AlN substrates from Crystal IS, Inc., a company it has been collaborating with on evaluating AlN substrates for growth of epitaxial wafers for almost two years.  Together they demonstrated stimulated emission at 260 nm. [ Article at Compoundsemiconductor.net]

CREDITS AND DISCLAIMER

Perspectives logo
The information presented in this section has been developed by Perspectives, a firm that specializes in technical and market intelligence, with assistance from Sandia National Labs.
NOTE :  The provision of summaries and mention of specific manufacturers or products does not constitute an endorsement by Sandia National Laboratories or Perspectives; nor is the information presented warranted or guaranteed by either Sandia National Laboratories or Perspectives.

Point of Contact:

Jeff Tsao

Last modified:
09/28/04

Web site maintained by:

Dorothy Meister